Turing Reductions and Undecidability
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Formal Methods course material adapted by Dr. Arjun Chandrasekhar
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| Node | Descriptions |
|---|---|
| S (sentence) | a syntactic unit that consists of one or more clauses, contains a subject and a predicate, and expresses a proposition |
| NP (noun phrase) | a phrase composed of a noun as its head and the optional modifiers and determiners of the noun; alternatively may be composed of a single pronoun |
| VP (verb phrase) | a phrase composed of a verb as its head and including all the dependents of the verb, such as direct and indirect objects, adverbials, and subject complements |
| AdjP (adjective phrase) | a phrase composed of an adjective as its head and the optional modifiers of the adjective; serves as a modifier of noun phrases |
| AdvP (adverb phrase) | a phrase composed of an adverb as its head and optional modifiers of the adverb; serves as a modifier of a verb or a clause |
| PP (prepositional phrase) | a phrase composed of a preposition and its required complement, which must be a noun phrase |
| N (noun) | any member of a class of words refer to people, objects, concepts, and ideas; can be inflected number, gender, and/or case; serves as the subject of a clause or an object of a verb or preposition |
| V (verb) | a member of the word class that expresses actions or events; can be inflected for tense, aspect, mood, etc. functions as the main word in the predicate of a clause |
| DET (determiner) | a word (such as an article, possessive, demonstrative, or quantifier) that expresses the reference, including specificity and quantity, of a noun phrase |
| pro (pronoun) | a member of the functional word class that functions like a noun and can substitute for a noun phrase in a clause |
| ADJ (adjective) | a member of the word class whose function is to specify the properties and attributes of a noun it modifies |
| ADV (adverb) | a member of the word class whose function is to modify such properties of verbs and clauses as time, place, manner, attitude, purpose, etc |
| DEG (degree word) | typically, an adverb whose function is to modify the head of an adjective or adverb phrase; “very” is a canonical degree word |
| P (preposition) | a word that precedes noun phrases and expresses the relationship between this noun phrase and another element of the clause |
| CONJ (conjunction) | a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents and expresses a semantic relationship between them COOR (Coordinating conjunction) - links words or larger constituents of equal syntactic value SUBORD (Subordinating conjunction) - links clauses in such a manner that one of them becomes a constituent of another |
| COMP (complementizer) | a conjunction that marks a complement or subordinate clause |
| TNS (Tense) | a verbal category that deictically refers to the time of the action or event expressed in the verb |
| PERF (Perfect Aspect) | a verbal category, and indicating that the action or event expressed by the said verb occurs prior to a specific point in time |
| AUX (Auxiliary (verb)) | a functional verbal category that accompanies a lexical verb and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the said verb, such as tense, aspect, person, number, mood, etc |